Li Jichun was a member of the Hui people (pronounced Hway), a Chinese Muslim sect.
Kenko Kawasaki in her book "Another Persona" has revealed a lot of information about Li Jichun, Pan Yugui, and Fumio Yamaguchi. Check out this article from the Asahi Shimbun 2019 Digital Archive for more info on Li Jichun.
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This next item is copied from Wikipedia:
Li Jizhun
Li Jizhun (1875–?), a Chinese general from the beginning of the Republic of China, leader of a Japanese puppet force in southeast Manchukuo from 1933 -1935.
Li Jizhun, born in Hubei in 1875, became a general after serving in the Republican Army during the Xinhai Revolution. During the Warlord Era little is known of his activities. In early 1933, following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and the establishment of Manchukuo Li appeared in southeast Liaoning province at the head of several thousand men calling themselves the "National Salvation Army", and flying the old five-barred flag of the Chinese Republic.
At first, Li's force was fighting the Anti-Japanese guerrillas, despite their claim to be ready to fight the Japanese. They then served with the Manchukuoan forces in the Japanese Operation Nekka in 1933. After that they began to make trouble in the disputed area between Manchukuo and northern China with the intent to establish an "independent" government there with the help of the Japanese, and they captured some small towns. However, with the Tanggu Truce, and the establishment of the demilitarized zone, Li's army, now about 10,000 strong, was no longer wanted. The Japanese disbanded it, with only 2,000 of its men being recruited to serve in the demilitarized zone's Peace Preservation Corps.
General Li disappeared. Reports at the time believed him to have retired to the Japanese Concession in Tianjin.
Sources
[edit]- Jowett, Philip S., Rays of the Rising Sun: China & Manchukuo, Vol. 1, Helion & Co. Ltd. 2004, ISBN 9781874622215.
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After the outbreak of the September 18th Incident, why did Zhang Xueliang’s main force of the Shaoshuai Army stick to Jinzhou?
On the night of 918, the Japanese army attacked Shenyang successfully, and Liaodong fell. Zhang Xueliang’s Shaoshuai army was mainly stranded in North China. After the incident, the Shaoshuai army was mainly assembled in Jinzhou in western Liaoning. However, because of the fall of Liaodong, Zhang Xueliang’s main force lost contact with the Northeast base, ammunition logistics. There were problems. After the Japanese bombed Jinzhou, Zhang Xueliang’s main force was naturally unable to launch an offensive, not to mention the Japanese Tianjin troops stationed in the rear.
Tianjin, the economic city of North China, is connected to Jinzhou and Shanhaiguan through the Beining Line and the outbreak of the September 18th incident.
Although the number of Japanese troops in Tianjin was very small, after the September 18th Incident, the Japanese troops stationed in Tianjin launched two military conflicts in Tianjin, and there were constantly Japanese reinforcements in Tianjin, as if the Japanese army wanted to make a second September 18th incident in Tianjin. Under this circumstance, Zhang Xueliang’s main force of the Shaoshuai army must also guard against the Japanese threat from Tianjin. Just as in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Dong Zhuo Ba Jing", Dong Zhuo sent three thousand soldiers and horses to go out quietly every four or five days, and then went to the city in the early morning the next day, creating an illusion for outsiders, thinking that the Liangzhou reinforcements were not in the air. Arrived absolutely.
The information on the two Tianjin incidents made by the Japanese in Tianjin is as follows.
The Japanese military discussed the issue of dispatching Tuyuyuan Dazuo to Tianjin on October 10, 1931. The purpose is to "in order to solve the problem of Manchuria, it is now possible to send a local army to the weak Tianjin Army, give assistance guidance, or use local powers such as Han Fuqu, or carry out various strategies to disrupt the Beijing-Tianjin area. ". On the 20th, Mr. Miyake’s chief of staff, Tsuchiya Gyoko, Daisuke, Toshiro Esaka, and Ishihara’s Sakae, decided to use the soil and fertilizer to promote the movement against Zhang Xueliang. "To collapse the Zhang Xueliang regime in North China is the most important task at the moment. For this reason, the military must be equipped with the most powerful organs in North China to control the various anti-Zhang Xueliang movements that are being brewed and promote them."
The soil and fertilizers gave Zhang Jian, who had contact with the Tianjin security team, Li Jichun, who had close ties with the Qingbang, and Ma Tingfu, who was under the Yu Xuezhong department, to buy the security team, organize the plainclothes team, and woo the Xuezhong troops. In addition, several troops stationed in the army were used to secretly supplement the weapons transported by the Japanese army to Li Jichun to participate in all riot plans.
At about 10:30 pm on November 8, 1931, about 2,000 Japanese plainclothes teams entered the neighborhood from the Haiguang Temple, where the Tianjin stationed troops of Tianjin's Japanese concession were located, and began to attack the National Government. For this riot, the National Government used the security team and the police to defend, trying to suppress the plainclothes team, the mid-way security team and the Tianjin army stationed in the gun battle, and the situation eventually developed into a conflict between the two countries. Through the running of the National Government and the Japanese Consulate General, the disputes ceased.
However, on November 10th, the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Wuyi, took the riot and left the Japanese concession to go to Yingkou. This is the first Tianjin incident.
After November 14, the gunfire stopped and the city returned to calm. At around 8:20 pm on the 26th, the plainclothes team rioted again and the gun battle opened again.After hearing the news, the Japanese army immediately began to attack Jinzhou. On the 28th, the Japanese government decided to send more troops to the Tianjin Army and send a brigade from the Japanese army.
However, the National Government retreated the security team on November 29 to avoid confrontation with the Japanese side, avoiding further expansion of the situation and restoring calm in the city. This is the second Tianjin incident.
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https://showwe.tw/blog/article.aspx?a=2920
"The Traitor Li Jichun and His People"
In the history of East Asian cinema in the twentieth century there was indeed a woman who had a place in the political arena and international exchanges in addition to being a screen ICON. She is Yamaguchi Yoshiko (1920-2014), Otaka Yoshiko, Li Xianglan, Shirley Yamaguchi, Pan Shuhua. This woman who has had so many names/reference symbols in her life is indeed curious. After all, her life is not only a star’s personal memory, but also a series of Manchurian films, East Asian film production and circulation, With East Asian history. She strived to survive in the times, and gained a say in the times, so she became a very special mark in the statement of historical memory.
For the convenience of writing, let's call her Li Xianglan, her most familiar Chinese name.
When Japan won the Japanese-Russian War and won the Northeast China to change the situation of the separation from the North and South of the Imperial Russia, the South Manchurian Railway Co., Ltd. (Manchu Railway) was established as a railway transportation company established to manage the right of road in Northeast China. The Manchu Railway does not simply stop in the right-of-way management, but also engages in the investigation and development of related resources. Its businesses include mining, metallurgy, electrical, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, culture, and education in addition to railway, water transportation, and aviation transportation. , Tourism and other businesses. Therefore, the Manchurian Railway was once known as "Japan's East India Company". And from 1906 to November 1908, the person who served as the first Manchurian Iron President was one of the people who will be mentioned from "Knowing Taiwan"-former Taiwan Governor's Office of Civil Affairs Goto Shinping.
The re-division of the sphere of influence between the North and the South is important to Japan. Since the Manchurian Railway has the intention of actively expanding, it is very attractive to the young and powerful people in Japan who are seeking adventure. Under such conditions, Yamaguchi Fumio (1889-1956?)--that is, Li Xianglan's biological father--was attracted to the adventure factor and came to work in China. This is the beginning of this story.
Yamaguchi's father was a Saga sergeant. Therefore, when he learned Chinese from his father, language became his main livelihood skill when traveling within the Manchuria Railway Group. Because the salary level within the Manchuria Railways has something to do with the Chinese language ability, Fumio Yamaguchi is responsible for strengthening the Chinese language ability of Japanese colleagues. On February 12, 1920, while serving at the Fushun Coal Mine affiliated with the Manchuria Railway Group, Furuoka Yamaguchi, who lived with Fukuoka and lived in Korea, Yamaguchi Ai (1894-?) gave birth to his first daughter and named his daughter Shuzi. .
This is Li Xianglan's first name, Yoshiko Yamaguchi.
Li Xianglan once recalled that her parents, like all Oriental parents, are quite concerned about education, but they do not force her to learn the tea ceremony and flower ceremony that ordinary Japanese women would meet. However, she still hopes that she can learn Chinese well so that she can stay in China. In order to meet this demand, she listened to her father's Chinese tutoring class for her colleagues at night, and also took piano lessons with neighboring Japanese classmates. Li Xianglan's memories gave us some hints about her childhood: When she was a child, Li Xianglan's Japanese and music were the best, and arithmetic and gymnastics were not good.
On September 18, 1931, the "September 18 Incident" broke out in Shenyang. Japan had occupied the Northeast, but there were still local resistance in sporadic places. On September 15, 1932, the Fushun Coal Mine was attacked, and the Japanese army carried out the next day, and the "Pingdingshan Massacre" broke out. This tragedy not only caused Chinese workers to leave the Fushun coal mine, the Li Xianglan family was affected during the incident, but also was investigated by the Japanese military police after the father's close interaction with the Chinese community. Therefore, Fukuo Yamaguchi had to leave Fushun to Shenyang to join his righteous brother, Li Jichun, and Li Xianglan had to leave the school and transfer from Fushun Girls' School to Shenyang to continue his studies.
Li Jichun (1879-1952), a Hebei native who believed in Islam. As a trainer in the army, he studied cavalry at the Kaiping Wubei School, so he became a classmate with Wu Peifu. His military experience is fairly complete. He was once the second hybrid co-management belt of the Army, the military representative of the three eastern provinces, the chief of staff of the governor of the three eastern provinces, and the general of the general government. Li Jichun was in the Beiyang military circle, wandering around from Yuan Shikai to Chu Yupu to Zhang Zongchang and Zhang Zuolin. Because of this background, he once hid in the Japanese concession in Tianjin and met many Japanese during this period. He also played a proper role in Puyi's operation to the northeast. Therefore, in the early days of the founding of "Manchuria", Li Jichun became the commander-in-chief of the "National Salvation Army" and had fought against the then national army troops in the Great Wall Campaign. After China and Japan signed the Tanggu Agreement for a truce in North China, Li Jichun became the head coach of the Chinese Security Corps, after which he disbanded the "National Salvation Army." In 1935, the "East Hebei Autonomous Government for the Prevention of Communist Party" was established with the support of Japan. The Security Corps was disbanded. Li Jichun returned to Shenyang to establish Shenyang Bank.
From the slightly lengthy narrative above, we can find that Li Jichun is quite good at roaming/drilling in all parties and grasping various opportunities. What kind of influence will such a "foster father" bring to Li Xianglan?
It was about the Spring Festival in 1933. Shuko Yamaguchi was accepted as a righteous girl by Li Jichun. Li Jichun named her "Panlan". Orchid is the national flower of the "Manchuria". Perhaps it carries Li Jichun's expectations and blessings to her? For a girl with a completely different culture, Li Jichun will take her to the restaurant to eat mutton, while Mr. Li's second wife, who lives with the Yamaguchi family, often takes Li Xianglan to watch movies with sound and light. A beautiful Beijing movie teaches righteous girls to be familiar with "mandarin" and to learn the details of Chinese life together.
At that time, the film screening process was probably like this: Before the film started, a singer would sing on stage, and then only start playing the positive film. For Li Xianglan, the singing bridge before the movie often made her feel happy. On one occasion, when Japanese singer [Awaya Noriko] Taniko Awako came to the Fengtian runway, she accidentally lost her way when returning to the hotel, walking on the side of the road, and accidentally go to the door of the house with the name "Yamaguchi", so she finally found someone who responded in Japanese, went in and knocked on the door to ask for directions. SHe unexpectedly met Li Xianglan when she was young, and it was also a small tidbit in Li Xianglan's life.
Therefore, her second name is Li Xianglan.
References
Cao Zhaorong, "The Traitor Li Jichun and His People", edited by the Cultural and Historical Data Committee of the Tianjin Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, "Tianjin Cultural and Historical Materials Selection", total 67 (Tianjin: Tianjin People's Publishing House, August 1995), pp. 114-116.
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DEEPSEEK on Li Jichun
John M.: The unofficial mayor of Fengtian during the Patriotic War was a hui general named Li Jichun. Can you please research his history for me?
DS: Of course. This is an excellent question that touches on a complex and often overlooked aspect of modern Chinese history. The figure you're referring to is General Ma Zhanshan (马占山), and the "unofficial mayor of Fengtian" detail points to a fascinating, lesser-known chapter of his life.
First, a crucial clarification: Li Jichun (李际春) was indeed a Hui (Muslim Chinese) military officer and collaborator with the Japanese during the Manchurian occupation. However, he was not the "unofficial mayor of Fengtian" (Shenyang). That role is most famously associated with General Ma Zhanshan, a Hui general as well, whose story is one of dramatic resistance, temporary capitulation, and continued covert struggle.
Here is a researched history that disentangles these two figures and explains the "unofficial mayor" title.
1. The Key Figure: General Ma Zhanshan (马占山, 1885–1950)
Background:
Ethnicity & Origin: A Hui Chinese from Jilin province. He began his career as a cavalry officer in the Fengtian Army (of the Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin).
National Hero: He became a Chinese national hero in November 1931 for commanding the Battle of Nenjiang Bridge, the first organized, large-scale resistance against the Japanese Kwantung Army following the Mukden Incident (September 18, 1931). This act of defiance made him a household name across China.
The "Unofficial Mayor of Fengtian" Episode:
After his heroic defense, facing overwhelming Japanese forces and severe shortages, Ma Zhanshan made a shocking and controversial decision. In January 1932, he entered into negotiations with the Japanese and, in February, agreed to serve as the Minister of War and Governor of Heilongjiang in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
The Japanese, needing a prestigious Chinese figure to lend legitimacy to their puppet regime, heavily promoted his "defection." They even temporarily made him the "Mayor of Fengtian Special City" (Shenyang) in early 1932 as part of shuffling roles within the nascent Manchukuo administration. This is the origin of the "unofficial mayor" title. His appointment was meant to showcase high-profile Chinese cooperation.
The Double-Cross and Continued Resistance:
However, Ma Zhanshan's collaboration was a ruse. On April 1, 1932, he secretly withdrew a large sum of funds from Manchukuo's banks, seized military supplies, and re-defected, relaunching a guerrilla campaign against the Japanese from Heihe. He reorganized his forces as the Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army and continued fighting for years before finally being forced to retreat into Soviet territory and later return to Nationalist (KMT)-controlled China.
Post-War: After the total war with Japan broke out in 1937, he continued to hold military posts. After 1949, he chose to remain in the People's Republic of China and died in Beijing in 1950.
2. The Other Figure: Li Jichun (李际春, dates unclear)
Background:
Hui Officer: He was indeed a Hui Chinese military officer, originally serving under the Fengtian warlord Zhang Zongchang.
Collaborator: After the Japanese invasion, Li Jichun became a full-fledged collaborator. He was deeply involved in the Japanese intelligence apparatus and led puppet forces.
Role in Fengtian/Shenyang:
He was not the mayor but held significant power as a commander of puppet "Peace Preservation" forces and was involved in the brutal pacification of the region. He worked closely with the Japanese Kempeitai (military police).
His legacy is primarily that of a hanjian (traitor to the Chinese nation). He used his ethnic and military connections to recruit for the Japanese and suppress resistance.
Why the Confusion?
Shared Ethnicity: Both were prominent Hui generals in Manchuria during the same period.
Geographic Focus: Both were active in the Fengtian/Manchuria theater.
Complex Allegiances: The period was marked by shifting loyalties, secret deals, and propaganda. Ma Zhanshan's brief, strategic collaboration blurred the lines in public perception, making it easy for later confusion to arise between a national hero who pretended to collaborate and a genuine collaborator like Li Jichun.
Conclusion
The "unofficial mayor of Fengtian during the Patriotic War" is a reference to General Ma Zhanshan, a Hui national hero famous for his initial resistance, his brief and deceptive "collaboration" (during which he held the mayoral title), and his ultimate return to the anti-Japanese fight. His story is one of tactical cunning within a desperate war.
Li Jichun, the other Hui general you mentioned, represents the opposite path—that of a committed collaborator with the Japanese occupation authorities. Historical memory in China celebrates Ma Zhanshan for his ultimate loyalty and condemns Li Jichun for his treachery, even though their stories were momentarily parallel in the chaotic landscape of occupied Manchuria.
Sources for Further Research:
Books: The Japanese Invasion of Manchuria: The History of the Occupation of Northeast China that Presaged World War II
Academic Articles: Look for works by historians like Rana Mitter (e.g., The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Modern China) which discuss the complexities of collaboration and resistance in Manchukuo.
Chinese-Language Sources: Ma Zhanshan has numerous biographies in Chinese. The Biographical Dictionary of Republican China also contains entries on these figures.
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